父母給我打錢,需要報稅嗎?

海外匯款是華人社區中非常普遍的現象,一個常見問題是

這筆錢需要在美國交稅嗎?需要申報嗎?

贈與可分為三種情況,要求各有不同:

  • NRA贈與NRA: 這種情況與美國稅務通常無關,美國既不徵稅,也無需申報。

  • NRA贈與U.S. Person(RA或US citizen): 對於收款的U.S. Person而言,不需要繳income tax。但是,如果收到的贈與金額超過限額,則有申報義務,需要file Form 3520。

  • U.S. Person贈與U.S. Person: 這種情況涉及到美國國內的贈與稅(U.S. gift tax),通常由贈與方(donor)承擔申報和可能的納稅義務。我們將另文詳細闡述。

本文重點討論第二種情況,即U.S. Person收到來自海外(通常是 NRA 親友)的大額贈與。舉個常見的例子,如果你在美國留學(例如F1簽證持有超過5個日曆年後可能成為稅務居民RA)或工作(例如H1B簽證持有者通常是RA),你的父母從國內給你匯來一筆資金用於買房或生活,如果這筆資金在一年內累計超過10萬美元,那麼作為收款放的你就需要申報Form 3520。

注意:Form 3520是一個申報表,禮金本身不用交稅。然而,未及時或未正確申報所面臨的罰款卻很高。例如,對於未申報的海外贈與,罰款可能是每月贈與金額的5%,累計最高可達贈與總額的25%。因此,有相關情況的朋友務必仔細了解Form 3520的申報要求。

為何需要申報 Form 3520?

報稅的核心在於納稅人主動將其收入按性質分類。諸如dividend, interest, wage, tips, capital gain等收入,在Form 1040上均有其特定的申報位置。當IRS與納稅人就收入性質達成一致後,應繳稅款便可依據相應稅率計算得出。


NRA贈與給U.S. person的gift,本身不構成U.S. person的taxable income。然而,若無申報機制,IRS難以主動區分大額海外資金流入的真實性質。將本應是taxable income的款項偽裝成gift,是一種顯而易見的逃稅方式。IRS通過Form 3520的申報程序可以審查大額海外贈與和foreign trust交易,以確保合規,並起到反洗錢監管作用。

對於U.S. person而言,Form 3520可以理解為美國監控跨境資本流動的一種手段,其申報義務之所以落在U.S. person身上,原因在於贈與方NRA通常不在美國贈與稅的直接管轄下。當U.S. person之間發生贈與時,申報贈與稅(Form 709)的義務但美國禮物稅的規則在贈與方 donor。

申報3520的條件及方法

申報條件

IRS 在其官方網頁上有明確說明:

If you are a U.S. person (…) who received a large gift or bequest from a foreign person, you may need to complete Part IV of Form 3520, Annual Return to Report Transactions with Foreign Trusts and Receipt of Certain Foreign Gifts, and file the form by the 15th day of the fourth month following the end of your income tax year (generally, April 15th for individuals), subject to any extension of time to file that may apply.

For gifts or bequests from a nonresident alien or foreign estate, you are required to report the receipt of such gifts or bequests only if the aggregate amount received from that nonresident alien or foreign estate exceeds $100,000 during the taxable year. If the gifts or bequests exceed $100,000, you must separately identify each gift in excess of $5,000.

  • 從同一個外國人或外國信託(及其related parties,例如親戚,見下文詳述)
  • 如果總額超過10萬美元,那麼每一筆超過5k的 gift 都需要在 Form 3520 上單獨列出(qualified transfer(教育與醫療開支)符合條件不計入10萬額度,見下文詳述)。

下面解釋細則:

申報限額:Exceeds $100,000

如果總額沒有超過(exceed)$100,000,則無需申報Form 3520 Part IV。

那麼如果不多不少剛好10萬呢?IRS 官方網站和稅法原文 IRC Sec. 6039F的措辭,均明確使用了「more than $100,000」或「exceeds $100,000」。因此,理論上如果收到的總額正好是$100,000,則不觸發申報要求(not required to be reported),參考TurboTax論壇上的一篇討論帖子

但實際操作中,匯率波動可能導致換算時超過10萬,因此雖非法律強制,接近10萬為保險起見不如選擇申報,避免未申報的風險。

05/29/2025 評論區提問:joint file限額如何計算?

簡答:分開計算。

根據Form 3520的官方說明:

Joint Returns
If you and your spouse are filing a joint income tax return for the current tax year, and you are both transferors, grantors, or beneficiaries of the same foreign trust, then you may file a joint Form 3520 for the same tax year. If you and your spouse are filing a joint Form 3520, check the box on line 1i on page 1.

也就是說,只有在同時滿足以下兩個條件時,夫妻才可以聯名提交Form 3520:

  • 當年以joint filing身份申報聯邦所得稅;
  • 且夫妻雙方均為同一個foreign trust的受益人(Beneficiary),或同為委託人(Grantor/Settlor)、轉讓人(Transferor)。

因此,如果只是收到一位foreign individual的贈與,即便夫妻共同收款,也不得聯合提交Form 3520,而應按個人分別申報。

再看有關申報門檻的描述,官方用語為:

If you are a U.S. person (…) who received a large gift, …

可見,法律將Form 3520的申報義務明確歸屬於「個人」(individual)。這可能出於制度設計上的考慮,joint filing是美國國內稅務身份的安排,而Form 3520屬於國際稅務監管範疇,立法者傾向於分開處理,避免制度混淆。

綜合而言,結論如下:如果夫妻二人分別收到的foreign gift金額各自未超過10萬美元,即便合計超過,亦不觸發申報義務。

不過,實踐中仍需注意證據鏈的完整性。例如,如果對方將18萬美元一次性打入夫妻共同賬戶(joint account),應盡量在匯款附言、備忘錄、或後續解釋中明確區分每人所佔份額。否則,在缺乏佐證的情況下,IRS有可能假設某一方收到超過門檻金額,觸發審查或audit。例如,若IRS認為實際分配為12萬與6萬,則前者需要單獨申報;而若明確為9萬+9萬,各自則均無需申報。為了避免不必要的麻煩,在款項匯入前明確書面說明受款人分配,是穩妥做法。

雖然IRS的對申報限額的描述使用單數形式,如”from a nonresident alien”或”from a foreign person”,但related person必須合併計算。

3520 Instruction Line 54對此有明確解釋:

To calculate the threshold amount ($100,000), you must aggregate gifts from different foreign nonresident aliens and foreign estates if you know (or have reason to know) that those persons are related to each other (see Related Person , earlier) or one is acting as a nominee or intermediary for the other.

如果RA知道(或有理由知道,例如姑姑和姑父)不同的贈與方之間存在關聯,或者其中一方實質上是另一方的中間人,那麼這些金額要合計。

一個常見的應用場景是為規避外匯管制,國內親人可能通過螞蟻搬家方式,發動多個親屬向一個身在美國的RA匯款。當他們是related person時,例如父母兄弟的分別贈與,其金額需要合併考慮。


Form 3520 Instructions給出了related person的定義,分別是Sec 267(c)定義的親屬關係

(4) The family of an individual shall include only his brothers and sisters (whether by the whole or half blood), spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants;

具體是:

A member of your family—your brothers and sisters, half-brothers and half-sisters, spouse, ancestors (parents, grandparents, etc.), lineal descendants (children, grandchildren, etc.), and the spouses of any of these persons;

以及Sec. 707(b)定義的超過50%占股的情況

(A) a partnership and a person owning, directly or indirectly, more than 50 percent of the capital interest, or the profits interest, in such partnership,

如果贈與方之間並非 related person,那麼不需要合計。Loeb & Loeb 律所在其一篇文章在講述這個規則的時候舉了French uncle和Australian aunt的例子說明:

The obligation to report occurs once the aggregate value of all gifts from a single transferor exceeds the stated amount. However, you must also aggregate gifts from different foreign persons if you know (or have reason to know) that those persons are related to each other. For example, a U.S. person could receive a $99,000 gift from each of his French uncle and his Australian aunt during the tax year without triggering a Form 3520 reporting obligation if the French uncle and Australian aunt are unrelated. Conversely, if the French uncle and Australian aunt are related to each other, the reporting obligation would be triggered because the U.S. person received more than $100,000 from related persons.

注意:uncle/aunt與niece/nephew並不是我們前面定義的related person。但是這裡考察的是贈與方(donors)之間的關係,而不是贈與方與受贈U.S. person之間的關係。在這個例子中,只要考察French uncle與Australian aunt是否是related即可。

Qualified Transfers: Medical and Tuition Payments

與美國國內贈與稅規則類似,一些qualified transfer不計入10萬的額度,根據Sec. 2503(e)(2),qualified transfer包括學費和醫療費:

(A) as tuition to an educational organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii) for the education or training of such individual, or
(B) to any person who provides medical care (as defined in section 213(d)) with respect to such individual as payment for such medical care.

但注意,這些費用必須是直接支付給提供教育或醫療服務的機構或個人,而不是先支付給U.S. Person再由其轉付。


Money Stackexchange討論了一個日本學生的例子,有回復指出:

Had they paid directly to the institution, you wouldn’t need to count it as income/gift to you because you didn’t actually receive the money (so no income) and it went directly to cover your qualified education expenses (so no gift), but this is not the case in your situation.

Plus1s同意這個說法。因為money is fungible,學生的學費指出可以來自於之前的存款或其他收入,父母的10萬以上匯款也可以理解為用於生活開銷等其他目的。只有直接支付才能無疑義地從gift中剝離這部分資金。

另:生活費不屬於Qualified Transfer。稅務律所Golding & Golding在其介紹文章中舉例說明了:

Gift From Parents for Living Expenses
The taxpayer receives a gift of $150,000 to help subsidize his living expenses while attending school in Los Angeles and living off-campus. While Taxpayer』s parents pay tuition directly to the university, his living expenses and other incidentals are ancillary to the exception of gifts for medical and tuition — and therefore reportable on Form 3520.

下圖的例子總結了以上幾條規則:

填寫 Form 3520 Part IV

對於RA收到NRA匯款的情況,通常只需要填Form 3520第一頁,以及Part IV

單人(包括related person)贈與總額超過10萬,需要填寫Line 54。每一筆金額超過5k的 gift 都需要單獨列出。如果空間不足,可以附上額外的 attachment 進行說明。

這裡的捐贈人姓名(name of foreign donor)可以不披露,例如description可以填”gift from mother for house down payment”。

如果是公司匯款,申報限額和規則有所不同。此時應填寫Line 55,要求披露捐贈人的名字

選擇公司而不是個人匯款,在有些國家是因為外匯管制,公司作為實體更方便。IRS對此說明如下

For purported gifts from foreign corporations or foreign partnerships, you are required to report the receipt of such purported gifts only if the aggregate amount received from all entities exceeds $18,567 for 2023 and $19,570 for 2024 (adjusted annually for inflation). You must separately identify each gift and the identity of the donor. Note that the IRS may recharacterize purported gifts from foreign corporations or foreign partnerships.

可見限額在2024年只有$19,570。IRS還有權對這類”purported gifts”的性質進行重新認定 (recharacterize)。例如,IRS可能會認為這筆款項並非gift,而是dividend, compensation, 或者loan。

郵寄3520

Form 3520的申報截止日期通常是每年的4月15日。如果提交Form 4868報稅延期,那麼Form 3520的截止日期也相應延至10月15日。

但Form 3520 是單獨提交,截至本文寫作時,Form 3520尚不能e-file,必須打印出來,簽名後郵寄。根據3520 Instruction(請查看申報時的最新版本),郵寄地址是

Internal Revenue Service Center
P.O. Box 409101
Ogden, UT 84409

建議使用certified mail,保留郵寄憑證。

未申報罰金


根據 IRC Sec. 6039F(c)(1)(B),對於未申報的 foreign gifts:

“…such United States person shall pay (upon notice and demand by the Secretary and in the same manner as tax) an amount equal to 5 percent of the amount of such foreign gift for each month for which the failure continues (not to exceed 25 percent of such amount in the aggregate).”

罰金按月計算,為未申報金額的5% per month,累計最高可達贈與總額的25%。

IRS可根據納稅人提交的reasonable cause(Sec. 6039F(c)(2)),在不是有意犯錯的情況下酌情減免。申報本身不產生收入稅,而未申報的後果卻如此嚴重,所以若超過10萬限額請及時申報。

關於Form 3520的遲報以及罰款的實際執行情況,我們將在後續文章中詳述。

總結

本文討論了NRA給RA大額贈與的情況。如果年度總額超過10萬(需考慮 related parties,可排除qualified transfers),則被贈與的RA有義務申報Form 3520 Part IV。

由於申報Form 3520本身通常不直接產生所得稅負擔,而未申報的罰款卻相當嚴厲,plus1s認為應該

  • 掌握、控制每年收款金額

  • 如果金額明確超過10萬,及時申報

  • 如果金額非常接近10萬,或者對是否需要申報存疑,謹慎的做法是選擇申報,或找專業人士諮詢。

目前Form 3520(截至本文寫作時)只能通過郵寄提交,不要錯過4月15的截止日期。

參考資料:3520 InstructionSec. 6039FIRS: gifts from foreign person



免責聲明:本文及其中任何文字均僅為一般性的介紹,絕不構成任何法律意見或建議,不得作為法律意見或建議以任何形式被依賴,我們對其不負擔任何形式的責任。我們強烈建議您,若有稅務問題,請立即諮詢專業的稅務律師或稅務顧問。
Disclaimer: This article and any content herein are general introduction for readers only, and shall not constitute nor be relied on as legal opinion or legal advice in any form. We assume no liability for anything herein. If you need help about tax, please talk to a tax, legal or accounting advisor immediately.


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